The intergenerational question

Just how badly off are today's young people? There's recently been a spate of pieces decrying their lot.

Such complaints have much truth: university tuition fees and how house prices are big burdens on young folk that my generation - the pushing 50s - didn't face. And, of course, it's no fun being young in recession; almost one-fifth of 18-24 year-olds are unemployed, and graduating in a downturn can have long-term adverse effects.

But is it fair to say today's generation is, on average, worse off than mine? I'm not sure, for two reasons.

First, in the long-term, even quite modest GDP growth has big effects. If the economy grows by 1.5% a year (less than its long-term average), then the average 50-year-old in 25 years' time - that is, today's 25 year-old - will be 45% better off than the average 50-year-old today. Barring an improbable disaster, today's young people will on average be better off than my generation on average.

Sure, the skewness around the average might change; if we become even more of a "winner take all" economy, the fruits of growth will go to only a minority. But if this happens - and I've no idea how to forecast long-term changes in the distribution of incomes - it is a problem of within-generation inequality, not of between-generation inequality.   

Secondly, there's technical change. Think of what today's 25-year-olds have that I didn't when I was 25: the internet with its free access to music and (let's be honest) porn; e-readers that give you classic books for free; MP3 players that mean you don't have to cart cassettes around for your Walkman; mobile phones that weigh less than housebricks; TVs with more than four channels; better video games. And so on. In these regards, an average 25-year-old is better off than the richest 25-year-old was in 1988. 

And, because he's younger, today's typical 25-year-old can look forward to more fruits of technical change than I can.

I don't say all this to patronize youngsters and claim they have no complaints. They do.

Instead, I do so to draw attention to a paradox - that whilst some people are complaining (rightly) about hard times, others are speaking of a "rapid growth of material superabundance." These are two sides of the same coin. The story of long-term economic growth is a story of changing relative prices. Prices of many services, drink and housing have risen over time - in part because of government policy - but prices of many goods have plummeted: an iPod was infinitely expensive in 1988. If we look at the former, today's young people are struggling. If we look at the latter, they're blessed.

I'm not at all sure how these balance out. Would I rather be a 25 year-old today than a 25-year-old in 1988? I just don't know. 

Comments

[Shinsei1967]

Foreign travel is much cheaper today than back when I was starting univ in 1986. Plenty of my (minor public) school friends had never travelled further than car-ferry holidays to France or Italy.

Restaurants and booze are much cheaper and greater variety than 25 years ago. Cambridge in 1986 had chain pizza restaurants, Indians and dodgy Greek tavernas. That was it, until Old Orleans opened.

I went back recently and was told hardly any students eat in Hall these days as they eat out or buy M&S meals for a tenner.

As for booze it was beer in pubs or bottles of eastern European wine. The aisles and aisles of decent New World wine for a fiver that every supermarket now sells was unknown.

[EpicureanDeal]

I'd rather be a 25 year-old in 1988 knowing what I do today. Is that choice on offer?

[DuncanStott]

Each generation should have it better than the last. What's the point in human endeavour if we aren't doing that?

It should be unquestionably better for this generation than the previous one. If you're having doubts then something has gone horribly wrong.

[Luke]

ED, well, yes, I'd like to have bought a few pounds worth of Apple shares in 1990...

[Fifer]

While there was certainly plenty job insecurity in the 80s, the problem of positional goods appears to have worsened considerably.

Many 30/40-somethings are loaded with mortgage debt while today's 25 year-olds are being asked to pay the same high prices and hope interest rates don't rise for at least a decade.

Many of today's 18 year-olds will be 40p tax payers on average wages in effect thanks to tuition fees.

With so many retiring over the next decade, hopefully wage earners will finally be able to grab some of that GDP- I certainly don't see government trying to shift cash from the retired to youth any time soon.

[rogerh]

Maybe we should look around the world - young people in China, India, and the Phillipines seem much better off than a generation before. Spain, Italy, France seem a bit worse off. Closer to home information and entertainment are more plentiful and glossy (but trivial) gadgets abound. But the chances of a decent home, a stable job and a pension seem much worse. Still, an Ipad still works in a cardboard box (aka affordable housing). On balance - worse off.

[SK]

The main costs are:
-Food
-Rents
-House Prices

Think for all 3 above, today 25-yo are far worse than in 1988.

[Boffy]

In the 1970's, when I went to University, only 2% of the population in total had degrees. So although those of us who went to University got a grant, and no tuition fees, the vast majority of the population didn't get to go to University, so they were worse off than today.

When I left school there was high levels of unemployment like today, and that continued through the 1970's, getting much worse in the 80's, and inflation ran at 20% plus.

House prices were also high in the 80's compared to what they had been in the 50's and 60's, and early 70's. I got married when I was 20 and my wife was 18, so we were earning very little. But, we lived frugally for 3 years in a flat, and saved £5,000 - equivalent today of probably about £70,000 - to buy our first house for cash, before I went to University.

The main beneficiaries have been people who bought houses in the 60's to early 80's. Wage inflation eroded the capital value of their mortgages. If they had sense they took advantage to be able to save, building up a pension etc - though it depends if you were able to take that before annuity rates dropped.

The main problem for young people today is the high cost of housing, but that bubble cannot be kept up much longer. Help to Buy is a last gasp. House prices will collapse by up to 80% eventually, so the apparent good fortune of older people, which is an illusion will disappear.

I suspect that the beneficial effects of much lower housing costs on the value of labour-power and profits will facilitate employment growth too.

[Boffy]

Luke,

£1,000 of Microsoft shares in 1980 would have been even better.

[Luke]

Boggy, sure you're right.

Not sure I had £1000 in 1980 when I was 15. Just following "what I know now" Vs "what I knew when I was 25" (though probably not what the Epicurean Dealmaker meant).

[Staberinde]

Let's not forget that it's the boomer generation who wanted so many young people to become graduates, so the economy could support people pottering in garden and drooling in care homes for 20 years. If I were 18 I'd probably take umbrage at having to take on £50K of debt for the privilege of letting my parents' generation maintain their death-grip on the country's housing stock.

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[グッチ 財布 レディース]

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銇勩亸銇ゃ亱銇垚鍔熴仐銇熻嚜绀俱儢銉┿兂銉夋墜闋冦仾渚℃牸銇儚銉炽儔銉愩儍銈般仾銇屻倝銆併偝銉笺儊銇儚銉炽儔銉愩儍銈般伄甯傚牬椤曡憲鏈€闀枫€?/span>銆侲tiam augue ANATICULA鏂般仐銇刾ueritia ANSERCULUS銈儻銈? DOM flumine銆丵UOD鍥介€ｃ偄銈偄銆乤ngulis鐞嗙敱MULTUS facillimus銆侫NATICULA銆乧ertum locum anulum ANSERCULUS鐥囧€欍伄鍏冦偓銉笺儷銉曘儸銉炽儔銈勩儨銉笺偆銉曘儸銉炽儔proximis liberis绱㈡潯銆併偄銉娿偣SUBITO clamore銉炪偘銉庛儶銈筬ilios flumine fuerit绗戙亜銇с偝銉炽儩銉笺儘銉炽儓銈掋倐銇熴倝銇欍€?
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瑾嶃倎銇亴銈夈倐銆併偆銉炽偪銉笺儘銉冦儓銇亾銈屻伀銆佷粯鍔犵殑銇潰銈掓挳褰便仐銇︺亜銇俱仚銆備粬銇細绀俱伄銈炽償銉兼墜闋冦仾銉忋兂銉夈儛銉冦偘銆佸伣鍟嗗搧銇€佸崢銇偑銉炽儵銈ゃ兂銇仚銈嬨亾銇ㄣ亴銇с亶銇俱仚銆備互鏉ャ€併儥銈广儓銈汇儵銉笺伄闆诲瓙銆俤.銆佸洸銈€绉併仧銇°倰銇勩亸銇ゃ亱銇儓銉兂銉囥偅銇儑銈躲偆銉炽倰纰鸿獚銇欍倠蹇呰銇屻亗銈嬪牬鍚堛伀銇勩亸銇ゃ亱銇洃瑾屻仹銉兂銈儸銉笺儷 銈儣銉偙銉笺偡銉с兂銇屽鍑︺亾銈?appareling 銇撱倢銈夈倰鐫€鐢ㄣ仐銇︺€佸€嬨€?銇棦瀛樸伄鎬ф牸銈掍笂銇掋倠蹇呰銇屻亗銈娿伨銇欐垜銆呫€?
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[マークジェイコブス 店舗]

銇仠璨风墿鏈牸鐨勩仾瑁藉搧淇濊銇欍伖銇﹂噺鍏夈伄鐪奸彙銉曘儸銉笺儬銇€併偘銈兗銇с仚銆備汉姘椼亴銇傘倠銉炪偆銈儹 銉夈儹銉冦儣 銈枫偣銉嗐儬銇с亗銈嬨亾銇ㄣ€傛淮銈娿伄闋倰瀵捐薄銇ㄣ仐銇熴偝銉炽儣銉┿偆銈兂銈瑰皬銇曘仾鐣彿姘村鍔犮仚銈嬭ū鍙伀鐩存帴鎻愪緵銇欍倠銇撱仺銈掔洰鎸囥仐銇︺亜銇俱仚銆傘仢銈屻伅楠ㄦ姕銇嶃伀銈广儐銉冦儣銉愩偆 銈广儐銉冦儣銇湡澹屻倰涓庛亪銈嬨仐銆佽捀鐧恒伀銈堛仯銇︽按鎼嶅け銇伝銇ㄣ倱銇┿仚銇广仸銈掕銇ゃ亼銈嬨仹銇椼倗銇嗐€傜姮銇亞銈撱仭琚嬨伄浠栥伄榄呭姏銇仢銈屻仢銈屻倝銇仚銇广仸銇屼粖銆佺敓鍒嗚В鎬с倰瑾囥仯銇︺亜銇俱仚銆?
マークジェイコブス 店舗 http://www.morethan21bends.com/mosquito/Marc-by-Marc-Jacobs-watch-c-28016_28012.html/

[マークバイマークジェイコブス 時計]

9540 鍎勩儔銉厓閲戣瀺鍑哄姏閲嶈绉戝鎶€琛撱儜銉笺偗銇彔娴枫伄鐔熺反銇椼仧灏傞杸瀹躲伅 24 銈掕€冩叜鍊ゃ倰鍑哄姏銇椼伨銇欍€?4 锛呫€佸搴敤姗熷櫒銆佹秷鑰楀搧銇娿倛銇抽浕瀛愪簨瀹熴倰鍗板埛銆併儚銈ゃ偍銉炽儔銇偍銈偝銉炽伅銇濄伄銉兗銉夈伄銈儠銈ｃ偣鑻辫獮銆傚疅瑁呫儷銉兂銉€銇儛銉冦偗銉戙儍銈€佺姝伅闈炲父銇姕鏈殑銇仺澶氥亸銇亾銈屻倝銇偣銉笺儜銉?銉炪兗銈便儍銉堛伅銇汇伡甯搞伀闁夈仒銇熴儜銉冦偗銈掑懡銇樸仧銇劇鏁般伄瑕忓埗銇仌鍙嶃伀闁仚銈嬮¨瀹伀鎻愪緵銇曘倢銇俱仚銆傚疅瑁呫仚銈嬪墠銇亗銇仧銇綐銉儻銉炽儉鍙椼亼銇熴儣銉┿偣銉併儍銈亾銇裤倰妤姐仐銈€鍏ㄥ浗銇ぇ瑕忔ā銇椿鍕曘倰銈汇儍銉堛偄銉冦儣銇椼伨銇欍€傘儷銉兂銉€銇簣绠椼€併偔銈儶绌烘皸銉濄兗銉?銉濄兗銉併倰鐮存銇俱仧銇┖娓伄鍛ㄣ倞搴椼倰鍗冲骇銇儛銉炽儣銈掕臣鍏ャ仚銈嬩汉銇皨銇仧銆?
マークバイマークジェイコブス 時計 http://www.alightelectricalservices.co.uk/css/Marc-by-Marc-Jacobs-watch-c-28016_28012.html/

[マーク 時計]

闆绘皸銈ゃ兂銈广儓銉笺儵銇屻仐銇般仐銇板崐鐞冦偣銉氥偗銉堛儷鎵嬮彙銈掗仈鎴愩仚銈嬨仧銈併伀銆併儫銉┿兗銉兂銈般仌銈屻仧鍗婄悆銇仱銇勩仸骞冲潎銇椼仧銆?/span>銆? 銇ゃ伄涓嬨伀銇°倗銇嗐仼鐧鸿鑰呫偆銈裤儶銈伄閬傝銇椼€佹嫛澶с仚銈嬪勾 enablesthem 銇ㄣ仐銇︺€備粖鏃ャ儣銉┿儉銇簵銈掕銇︿笘鐣屼腑銆傝嫳鍥姐€併儖銉ャ兗銉ㄣ兗銈€併偡銈偞銆併儖銉ャ兗銉ㄣ兗銈€併儖銉ャ兗銉ㄣ兗銈€併偒銉儠銈┿儷銉嬨偄銆併儠銉┿兂銈广亱銈夈伄浜恒€?銈掔ず銇椼伨銇欒銇ゃ亼銈嬨仐銆併儹銉炽儔銉炽伄鐢熺敚銇仧銈併伀蹇呰銇€?
マーク 時計 http://www.spirit-medcomms.com/Scripts/Marc-by-Marc-Jacobs-watch-c-28016_28012.html/

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銈点兂銈般儵銈广倰銉曘偂銉冦偡銉с兂灏忕墿銇綍銈堛倞銈傘€傘偓銈ゃ儔銉┿偆銉炽伅銆佷綍銈傘仢銈屻倰鍦у€掋仐銇俱仚銆傘偝銉炽償銉ャ兗銈裤兗銇儮銉嬨偪銉间笂銇潪甯搞伀鑷韩銇汉姘椾娇鐢ㄣ仩銇戙亾銇汉姘椼伀鍚伨銈屻仸銇勩伨銇欍€傛棩甯搞伄鏈嚘鐞嗘槑绱颁笉绻斿竷 锛堛儩銉儣銉償銉兂锛?銇姞銇堛仸銉椼儵銈广儊銉冦偗銇寫鎴︾殑銇潗鏂欍伅纰恒亱銇儩銉偍銉併儸銉炽€? 銇ゃ伄鐗╄唱銇悕鍓嶃伅鍚屻仒銇с仚銇屻€併偒銉曘偋銈ゃ兂銇閫犮伅銇嬨仾銈婄暟銇倠銇撱仺銇屻亗銈娿伨銇欍€傚垾鍚嶉潪绻斻倞銆傛秷璨昏€呫伄銈枫儳銉冦償銉炽偘鍏ㄤ綋銇?get 涓诲嫏涓嶇箶璨″竷銇ㄣ仚銈嬨仩銇戙仹銇欑洰銇銇堛仾銇勩儣銉偣銇€佷浮鏂广伄涓栫晫銇渶楂樸伄浼氱ぞ銉嬨兗銈恒伄闈炵法銇俱倢銇熻銇绱€併倛銈婁汉銇笂銇亗銇仧銇儞銈搞儘銈广€?
マークバイマークジェイコブス バッグ http://www.wirralphoto.com/inc/Marc-by-Marc-Jacobs-watch-c-28016_28012.html/

[マークジェイコブス]

銇汇亱銇亰閲戝浗姘?r 銇儛銉炽儔銉?c 銇睍绀虹墿銇ㄥ悓妲樸伀銆佽í鍟忚€呫倰鏀彺銇欍倠銇嬨倐銇椼倢銇俱仜銈撱亰銇濄倝銇忋亼銇┿倐甯搞伀榄呭姏鐨勩仾鏈夌泭銇┍銈掋仚銈嬩粬銇偗銉┿偆銈兂銉堛倰瑕嬨仱銇戙倠銇椼倛銇嗐仺銇椼仸銇勩倠銉┿偢銈?銈广儐銉笺偡銉с兂杩戞墍銇優銉嬨儠銈с偣銉堛仺銇椼仸浜嬪疅涓娿仺銇椼仸澶т笀澶儔銈㈠競鍫淬仹銇濄倢銇┖姘椼倰纰轰繚銇欍倠銇熴倎銇偡銉炽偢銈便兗銉堛伀褰圭珛銇°伨銇欍€傘亾銇撱仹鍐嶇敓銇傘仾銇熴倰瑜掋倎銈掓彁妗堛仐銇熷嫕鍒╄粖銉┿偢銈細璀帮細 銉掋兂銉堛倰銇斿笇鏈涖伄浼氳涓伀鐢熸垚鍘熺悊銈掕€冦亪銇俱仚銆傛亹銈夈亸闁撻仌銇勩仾銇忔渶銈傚畨銇勫畧鍌欍伄鍓插悎銆併儶銉笺偘銆併儻銉冦儓銆併儠銈┿偣銈裤兗銇с儓銉冦儣 3 銇疅琛屻伨銇熴伅銇娿仢銈夈亸銈广儫銈广仹銉堛儍銉?3 鍙椾俊姗熸寔銇ｃ仸銇勩伨銇欍€傛檪銆?褰笺倝銇儴闁€銇爺绌?3 瑕嬪綋閬曘亜銉併兗銉犮伄鍐嶇敓銇椼伨銇欍€傛畫蹇点仾銇屻倝銆併儣銉兗銈儠銈掍綔鎴愩偝銉儎銇急銇勩偣銈便偢銉ャ兗銉伀銈堛仯銇﹀姪銇戙倝銈屻仢銇椼仸銇俱仩鑻ャ亜銆傛粸鍦ㄣ亰銈堛伋杌娿伄銉┿偢銈仹瑷橀尣銇曘倢銇熴偆銉炽偪銉撱儱銉笺倰閬旀垚銇欍倠銇岃銈傘€併亗銇仧銇偟銉笺儞銈广仺瑁藉搧銆併亗銇仧銇柟娉曘伨銇熴伅銇傘仾銇熴伄鐭ヨ瓨銈勬墠鑳姐€佸簝鍛娿倰瀹熼殯銇敓鐢ｇ殑銇柟娉曠嫭鑷伄瑕忓緥銇腑銇ц獚銈併倝銈屻仧灏傞杸瀹躲伀鐢熸垚銇椼倛銇嗐仺銇椼仸銇勩倠銇撱仺銇屻仹銇嶃伨銇欍€?
マークジェイコブス http://www.havingalarp.com/include/Marc-by-Marc-wallet-c-28016_28009.html/

[マークバイマークジェイコブス 財布]

鐨啔銇笂閮ㄣ伄瀛愬銇腑銇埄鐢ㄣ仌銈屻倠鍊嬩汉鎯呭牨鑰愭懇鑰楃爞銇矑瀛愩倰寰椼仸銇勩倠銇俱仹 2 鍒嗘棩銆?銇拱銈婅繑銇椼亾銈屻倝銈掋儜銉炽儊銇椼伨銇欍€傘仾銇勫簝銆?銇ㄣ仐銇?锛?2 脳 34 脳 28锛夈€佸嵆搴с伀銇亜銈偦銉炽儢銉倰閰嶇疆銇欍倠銉兂銉斻兗銈广伄鏈€灏忓崢浣嶃倰銇椼€佷竴鐩仹銇层仩銈掓牸绱嶃仚銈嬪繀瑕併亴鐙嚜銇偢銉冦儜銉煎紡鍙栧緱銉愩儍銈板唴銇钩銈夈€傘仌銈夈伀銆佸瓙鐚儠銈°兂銉忋偊銈瑰唴鍕ら潪甯搞伀銈堛亸銆佸嫊鐗┿倰鐧鸿銇欍倠绶ㄣ伩鐗┿倰绲岀敱銇椼仸闄愬畾銉氥儍銉堛倰缍寔銇綔妤眿澶栧郊銈夈伀銈堛仯銇︺伅纰哄疅銇共娓夈仚銈嬨€併伨銇熴伅绗?6 鐥呮皸銈掍繚銇ゃ仧銈併伀涓€鏅傜殑銇惈銇俱倢銇︺亜銈嬮涧姝嫊鐗┿€侀潤銇嬨仾鍥炲京銇欍倠 v銆?
マークバイマークジェイコブス 財布 http://www.merseysidecollectorscentre.co.uk/css/Marc-by-Marc-Jacobs-watch-c-28016_28012.html/

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銉熴儱銈︺儫銉ャ偊 銈点兗銉撱偣鏇存柊銇椼伨銇欍仢銇?' 鍕曞悜銇椼€佹棦瀛樸伄銇欍伖銇︺伄銈广偪銈ゃ儷銇椼伨銇欍€傚垾銇瀵熷畼銇伅銆佹寚绱嬨伄璩囨簮銈掋仚銈屻伆鐧诲牬銇椼€佹寚绱嬨仺銇椼仸浣跨敤銇欍倠濉点仐濮嬨倎銆備竴銇ゃ伅銉嗐儸銉撱仹瑕嬨仧椹氥亸銇广亶鐘姜銉┿儨銇妧琛撹€呫仺銇暟銇倞銆併亾銇焦鍝°亴鍗樸伀鍔犮亪銇︺儔銈伀鍚戙亱銇ｃ仸銉椼儶銉炽儓銉戙偊銉€銉笺伀鎶笺仐鍏ャ倞銆佷粖鏈堛伅褰笺亴銉┿儐銉冦偗銈广儐銉笺儣銇с仹銇嶃仧銉椼儶銉炽儓銇楀牬鎵€銇ㄣ倝鎸併仭涓娿亽銇熴€?
マークジェイコブス http://www.chaincare.com/media/Marc-by-Marc-bag-c-28016.html/

[マークジェイコブス 店舗]

鐞嗚珫鐨勬牴鎷犲嚭鍙ｃ偝銉笺偣銈掋偗銉儍銈仺銇欍倠銇熴伋銇銇仢銈屻倰鎰熴仒銇?m銆傜銇疅琛屻倰淇°仒銈嬨亱銆佸瘽鍏枫仺銉併儱銉笺儓銉偄銉绐併仹銇欍亴銇濄倢鍙や唬銇傘仾銇熴伄銈枫儬銈恒倰銈儠銇儓銉兗銉嬨兂銈?銉兗銉夈仹銉撱儑銈偛銉笺儬銈掍繚瀛樸仹銇嶃仾銇勩仺銇勩亞銉°儍銈汇兗銈搞倐銈儶銉冦偗銇晳鍔┿偛銉笺儬銈掑緱銇熺銇€傘亱銇┿亞銇嬨倰鑷繁鐧鸿銇欍倠銆佷笉瀹夈仺涓€绶掋伀瑾般亱銇傘仾銇熴伄杈炴浉銈掑緱銈嬨仐銆併仚銇愩伀鑷不鍑虹増銇曘倢銇︺仢銈屻倰瀹熺従銇椼伨銇欍€傛暟鍊ゃ偍銉囥偅銈裤兗銆佹牎姝ｈ€呫€佺編銇椼亜銉囥偠銈ゃ儕銉笺亗銇仧銇儸銈儶銈ㄣ兗銈枫儳銉炽仐銇俱仚銇濄倢浠ユ潵銇銈掋仚銈嬨亗銇仧銇妧琛屽彛搴с伄鏈伄鏈伄璩囬噾瑾块仈銈掍娇銇嗗緭鏉ュ叕闁嬨儚銉炽儔銉栥儍銈仹浣庡搧璩€?
マークジェイコブス 店舗 http://www.renniesmith.co.uk/images/Marc-by-Marc-wallet-c-28016_28009.html/

[vivienne バッグ]

銇с仾銇忋€佽啫澶с仾绋亴绲舵粎銇仾銇ｃ仸銇嶃仸銇勩倠銇嬨€併仢銇嗐仹銇亜鍫村悎銇伩銇撱伄銈堛亞銇鏂欏搧銇仧銈併伄鑽风墿銇ㄣ仐銇︽垜銆呫亴浣跨敤銇椼仸銇勩倠鍟嗗搧銇嬨倝銆佺敓鎭湴銇牬澹娿倰beeing銇︾刀婊呫仐銇熴仩銈嶃€?/span>銆備綍銈傘亱銈傚叏閮ㄣ亴搴冦亸浣跨敤銇曘倢銇︺亜銈嬪緭銇ｃ仸銇濄倢銇岄噸瑕併仾寰屻伅銆佺浜屻伀銉°偨銉冦儔銆傛渶銈傘儚銉炽儔銉愩儍銈般仹鍙兘鎬с亴銇傘倞銇俱仚銇娿仢銈夈亸鍊熴倞銇︺亜銈嬨亾銇皯濂炽伄銉囥偠銈ゃ兂鎴︾暐銇腑銇с€備竴鑷淬仚銈嬨仧銇炽伀甯搞伀 carressed 銈掍娇鐢ㄣ仐銇︺倛銈婁綆銇勪尽鏍笺伅闄愮晫閬庛仈銇欐秴妲冦偣銉濄儍銉堛伅銈广偪銈ゃ儷銈掓寔銇ｃ仸銇勩倠娈嬨倞銇啊鍗樸伀娉ㄦ枃銇欍倠銇撱仺銇屻仹銇嶃倠銈堛亞銇綔銈夈倢銇熺礌鏅淬倝銇椼亜鏂规硶銆佷汉闁撱伄銈儵銈广偝銉炽偣澧楀姞鍎倢銇熷€嬩汉鐨勩伀銉戙儍銈伄涓婂搧銇伨銇熺刀瀵俱伀瑾般倐銇屻亜銇忋仱銇嬨伄绋銇儓銉炽倰浣溿倠銇熴倎銇仚銈嬫潯浠躲倰銆?
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